Surprise: Fermilab’s SELEX experiment finds puzzling new particle

BATAVIA, Illinois — Scientists at the Department of Energy’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory will announce on Friday, June 18 the observation of an unexpected new member of a family of subatomic particles called “heavy-light” mesons. The new meson, a combination of a strange quark and a charm antiquark, is the heaviest ever observed in this family, and it behaves in surprising ways — it apparently breaks the rules on decaying into other particles.

As a rule, the more massive the meson, the shorter its lifetime before decaying into other particles. But not this time. This heavy meson lives three times longer than its lighter relatives.

“Strong decays follow the rule that the heavier the particle, the faster it falls apart, all other things being equal,” said Carnegie Mellon University physicist and SELEX spokesman James Russ. “It’s that last part-all other things being equal-that makes the new particle so interesting.”

SELEX deputy cospokesperson Peter Cooper of Fermilab said this kind of contradiction is “just not supposed to happen. If this meson played by the normal rules of the strong interaction,” Cooper said, “it should fall apart quickly and we never would have seen it.”

In another contradiction, SELEX also saw the new meson decay about six times more often than expected into an eta particle (a rarer but well-studied member of the meson family), rather than into the expected particle, called a K meson.

“It’s like watching a water bucket with a large hole and small hole in the bottom,” Russ said. “For some reason, the water is pouring out the small hole six times faster than it’s coming out of the large one. Something unusual must be going on inside the bucket.”

This first observation of the new meson expands the picture of the ways in which the strong force works within the atomic nucleus. The same strong force that keeps the nuclei of atoms from flying apart also controls the decay rates of particles. Why does the new meson break the highly predictable decay pattern of other mesons? How many other patterns might there be?

Mesons tend to be a short-lived tribe. Their lifetimes are so short that they show themselves as a range of masses-what particle physicists call the particle’s “width.” This unusual effect — a particle’s mass being uncertain because it lives a very short time — is a direct result of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It is a vivid demonstration that these particles live in a quantum world. The meson lifetime is 10 (-24) seconds, or about the amount of time it takes light to cross a proton. By comparison, light travels one foot in a billionth of a second.

A meson is made up of a quark and an antiquark, bound together by the strong force. The combination of a massive quark, like the charm quark, with a light quark (in this case, a strange quark) presents an especially interesting laboratory in which to study the strong force. In heavy-light mesons, the motion of the quarks is simpler than in other mesons — the heavy quark sits still and physicists only have to keep track of the motion of the lighter quark completing the system.

“This new particle is showing a possible deviation from the expected path that most mesons take,” Fermilab theorist Christopher Hill confirmed. “It suggests that some intriguing new dynamical aspect of the strong force is at work, and it opens the door for many future explorations, at Fermilab and around the world.”

The discovery by the members of the SELEX collaboration uses data from their fixed-target experiment at Fermilab’s Tevatron, the world’s highest-energy particle accelerator. SELEX studies the results of protons colliding with solid targets of copper and diamond. While the SELEX experiment stopped taking data in 1997, an extended analysis revealed this new particle lurking within their data.

In the spring of 2003, experiments at three electron-positron colliders — BABAR at Stanford (Cal.) Linear Accelerator Center, CLEO at Cornell University in New York, and BELLE at KEK in Tsukuba, Japan — announced the discovery of a new pair of charm-strange mesons. While these mesons had been predicted theoretically, their properties didn’t match theory. They had such low masses that they could not decay in the preferred way, so they had long lifetimes.

Following the 2003 announcements, SELEX began to reexamine its own results to seek out more eta particles and determine whether they existed in more interesting combinations. But before any results could be deemed conclusive, the collaboration had to prove that it understood the unique photon detector well enough to vouch for that type of data. Several Russian collaborators within SELEX conducted painstaking tests of the detector, which they had built; their answer was “yes.”

The SELEX discovery adds yet another contradiction to the conventional predictions of meson behavior. The known symmetries of heavy-light mesons predict that other active experiments, such as BABAR, CLEO and BELLE, as well as Fermilab’s FOCUS experiment, will be able to see this particle and various partner particles in their data, expanding even further our picture of the strong force, and building on the SELEX result.

The collaboration has submitted a paper describing the result –“First Observation of a Narrow Charm-Strange Meson D_sJ⁺(2632)->D_s(eta)⁺ and D⁰K⁺” — to Physical Review Letters. The result is being presented on Friday, June 18 in a seminar at Fermilab by physicist Anatoly Evdokimov of the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia.

A relatively small experiment by the standards of particle physics, SELEX is made up of about 125 physicists from 21 institutions around the world. Included are six institutions in the U.S., four in Russia, three in South America, two in Italy, and one each in Turkey, Germany, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Israel and the Peoples Republic of China.

Fermilab is a U.S. Department of Energy-Office of Science national laboratory, operated under contract by Universities Research Association, Inc.

SELEX collaborating institutions:
Ball State University, Muncie, IN
Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
Centra Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Fermilab, Batavia, IL
Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China
Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia
Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Petersburgh Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Paraiba, Brazil
H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, UK
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI
University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
University of Rome “La Sapienza” and INFN, Rome, Italy
University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
University of Trieste and INFN, Trieste, Italy