It was in August 1972 that Fermilab published its first experimental results. What else happened in the waning summer days?
The three buildings in the foreground are part of the Antiproton Source.
Aug. 16, 1983: Antiproton Source groundbreaking
In 1981, the lab began work on the design for the Antiproton Source, a key part of the planned proton-antiproton collider aspect of the Tevatron. The lab broke ground on the Antiproton Source on Aug. 16, 1983. It would be completed in 1985, and the first antiprotons would circulate in the Tevatron on Oct. 12, 1985.
This is one of the earliest photos taken with the 30-inch bubble chamber. This image was captured on June 12, 1972.
Aug. 21, 1972: First published experimental results
E-141, the Study of pp Interactions in the 30-inch Hydrogen Bubble Chamber, was the first experiment at the lab to have its results published. The experimenters submitted their paper, titled “Charged Particle Multiplicity Distribution from 200 GeV pp Interactions,” to Physical Review Letters on July 18, 1972, and it appeared in print on August 21.
This event display depicts a CDF top quark event from Tevatron Run I.
Aug. 31, 1992: Tevatron Collider Run 1 begins
Tevatron Collider Run I, which began on Aug. 31, 1992, was the first Tevatron run with two collider detectors. It ended on Feb. 20, 1996.
The ICARUS detector pulls in to the Fermilab site on July 26. Photo: Reidar Hahn
After six weeks’ passage across the ocean, up rivers and on the road, the newest member of Fermilab’s family of neutrino detectors has arrived.
The 65-foot-long ICARUS particle detector pulled into Fermilab aboard two semi-trucks on July 26 to an excited gathering who welcomed the detector, which has spent the last three years at the European laboratory CERN, to its new home.
“We’ve waited a long time for ICARUS to get here, so it’s thrilling to finally see this giant, exquisite detector at Fermilab,” said scientist Peter Wilson, who leads the Fermilab Short-Baseline Neutrino Program. “We’re looking forward to getting it online and operational.”
The ICARUS detector will be instrumental in helping an international team of scientists at the Department of Energy’s Fermilab get a bead on the slippery neutrino, the most ubiquitous yet least understood matter particle in the universe. The neutrino passes through outer space, metal, you and me without leaving a trace. Scientists have observed three types of neutrino. As it travels, it continually slips in and out of its various identities.
Previous neutrino experiments have seen hints of yet another type, and ICARUS will hunt for evidence of this unconfirmed fourth. If found, the fourth neutrino could provide a new way of modeling dark matter, another of nature’s mysterious phenomena, one that makes up a whopping 23 percent of the universe. (Ordinary matter makes up only 4 percent of the universe.) A fourth neutrino would also change scientists’ fundamental picture of how the universe works.
Fermilab is ICARUS detector’s second home. From 2010 to 2014, the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics’ Gran Sasso laboratory built and operated ICARUS to study neutrinos using a neutrino beam sent straight through the Earth’s mantle from CERN in Switzerland, about 600 miles away. ICARUS’ lead scientist, Nobel laureate Carlo Rubbia, innovated the use of liquid argon to detect neutrinos.
ICARUS is the largest liquid-argon neutrino detector in the world. Its great mass — it will be filled with 760 tons of liquid argon — gives neutrinos, always reluctant to interact with anything, plenty of opportunities to come into contact with an argon nucleus. The charged particles resulting from the interaction create tracks that scientists can study to learn more about the neutrino that triggered them.
In 2014, after the ICARUS experiment wrapped up in Italy, its detector was delivered to CERN. Since then, CERN and INFN have been improving the detector, refurbishing it for Fermilab’s mission. CERN completed the project in May and sent ICARUS on its trans-Atlantic voyage in June.
“This is really exciting — to have the world’s original, large-scale liquid-argon neutrino detector at Fermilab,” said Cat James, senior scientist on Fermilab’s Short-Baseline Neutrino Program.
Fermilab’s Short-Baseline Neutrino Program involves three neutrino detectors. ICARUS is one, and now that it has safely landed at Fermilab, it will be installed as part of the program. Another detector, MicroBooNE, has been in operation since 2015. The construction of the third, called the Short-Baseline Near Detector, is in progress. All three use liquid argon to detect the elusive neutrino.
The development and use of liquid-argon technology for the three detectors will be further wielded for Fermilab’s new flagship experiment, the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment. Fermilab and South Dakota’s Sanford Underground Research Laboratory broke ground on the new experiment on July 21.
“We’re really looking forward to working with our international partners as we get ICARUS ready for first beam,” James said.
In 1990, Penny Kasper, Danying Yi and I were all graduate students on the E791 experiment. Part of the detector, controls and data acquisition system had been modified from the previous experiment, E769, so everything had to be tested before we got the first beams.
Jean Slaughter, who was in charge of the day-to-day operation of the experiment, announced we would have a “dress rehearsal.” Being a non-native English speaker, I had no clue what that meant. I asked Jean what would I have to do. She simply replied: “Just stand there and look pretty.” So I decided to take it literally and convinced Penny and Danying to join in.
Just before the dress rehearsal, we all snuck out and came back to the control room dressed to the nines. Penny wore her best dress, Danying put on the special wedding dress her mother had sent her from China (hoping to encourage her to get married), and I wore my mother’s copper satin wedding dress.
When we showed up in the control room, our colleagues all looked puzzled. Most had a great laugh, even though I suspect many of them just thought we were plain nuts.
From left: Penny Kasper, Pauline Gagnon and Danying Yi take part in a dress rehearsal in the E791 control room. Photo courtesy of Pauline Gagnon
Pauline Gagnon was a scientist at CERN and a member of CERN’s communication group. She is the author of a popular science book on particle physics, “Who Cares about Particle Physics: Making Sense of the Higgs Boson, the Large Hadron Collider and CERN.”
