If it’s true that life begins at 50, Fermilab is just getting started.
Next year, the country’s premier particle physics laboratory celebrates 50 years of discovery and innovation. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy lab, was founded in 1967 under the direction of Robert Wilson and in the ensuing half-century has explored many of the most fascinating mysteries of the universe.
Along the way, scientists working at Fermilab discovered three of the elementary particles that make up our universe, photographed the farthest reaches of space to learn more about dark energy and recently received the Department of Energy’s approval to start construction of the largest physics experiment ever built on (and under) U.S. soil, the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment.
Today Fermilab launched a new website, 50.fnal.gov, with full details of its 50th anniversary celebrations. Highlights include:
- Saturday, Jan. 21: A public kickoff party for our birthday year, featuring a reception in Wilson Hall at 7 p.m. and a concert by Chicago’s own rock ‘n’ roll marching band, Mucca Pazza. Tickets are on sale now.
- Friday, Jan. 27: Fermilab’s Greatest Hits, a lecture by longtime Fermilab scientist Chris Quigg detailing some of the most important moments from the last 50 years. Tickets are available now.
- Sunday, Feb. 12: The annual Family Open House in Fermilab’s Wilson Hall will celebrate the laboratory’s birthday with hands-on science activities for the entire family. This event is free! Watch our website for more information about registering for tours.
- Thursday, June 1: The Fermilab Art Gallery will host an opening reception for “A Lasting Mark: Artist Angela Gonzales at Fermilab 1967-1998,” an exhibit of work from the artist who helped give Fermilab its visual identity. This event is free!
- Thursday, June 15: The day Fermilab employees first reported to work will be commemorated with a social media celebration. Follow Fermilab on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram for more information.
- Saturday, Sept. 23: Fermilab’s big 50th anniversary open house will welcome the public to tour facilities at the lab that they would normally not get to see. The event will include a science and innovation fair and dozens of activities for families. This event is free as well!
That last event is particularly noteworthy. The open house will be the centerpiece of a slate of events at the lab and online that will look back on half a century of achievements and look forward to a bright future.
More events and activities, including pop-up science events in places around Chicagoland, will take place throughout the year. Watch 50.fnal.gov, where more information will be posted as it becomes available.
Fermilab is America’s premier national laboratory for particle physics and accelerator research. A U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, Fermilab is located near Chicago, Illinois, and operated under contract by the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC. Visit Fermilab’s website at www.fnal.gov and follow us on Twitter at @Fermilab.
The DOE Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit science.energy.gov.
Along with Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois, Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota is the site of the future Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and its Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility. Pictured here is Ross Shaft. Photo: Sanford Underground Research Facility
The U.S. Department of Energy pursues discovery science that inspires and transforms our nation — research that can sometimes be pursued only in unique environments. The Sanford Underground Research Facility, owned and operated by the South Dakota Science and Technology Authority, or SDSTA, provides one such unique facility, with laboratories located 4,850 feet underground.
Because of the “deep” involvement of both Fermilab and Sanford Lab with the international Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Fermilab has assumed a new role in the general services that support DOE science at the South Dakota facility.
Starting Oct. 1, Fermilab became the point of contact for the Department of Energy Office of Science at Sanford Lab. In this role, Fermilab is the liaison between DOE and SDSTA. This represents the first time Fermilab has acted in this role for a facility outside Illinois.
“We are excited about this transition as it brings our two organizations into closer partnership and strengthens the platform for some amazing DOE science,” said Tim Meyer, Fermilab chief operating officer.
The change demonstrates recognition by the Department of Energy of the major role Fermilab will play in future Sanford Lab operations. Previously, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory acted as the point of contact for DOE at Sanford Lab. Berkeley Lab continues its leading role in dark matter experiments at the South Dakota lab.
Fermilab and Sanford Lab are the sites of the future DUNE international particle physics experiment and the supporting Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF).
Fermilab, located in Batavia, Illinois, will send a beam of particles called neutrinos 1,300 kilometers (800 miles) through Earth to Sanford Lab. There, enormous particle detectors, located nearly a mile underground, will receive the neutrinos and send the data to scientists.
Sanford Lab hosts multiple science experiments, of which DUNE is only one. The international Large Underground Xenon dark matter detector, known as LUX, has called Sanford Lab home. The Majorana Demonstrator neutrino experiment, run by a multinational team, is also conducted at Sanford Lab. The Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation and NASA all participate in the science experiments at the South Dakota lab.
As the largest new project being undertaken in particle physics anywhere in the world since the Large Hadron Collider, LBNF/DUNE will be the most ambitious undertaking at Sanford Lab.
“The SDSTA is proud to partner with Fermilab for the continued operations of the Sanford Lab,” said Mike Headley, executive director of SDSTA. “We’ve had a wonderful, productive relationship with Berkeley Lab, which was instrumental in creating the Sanford Lab — the deepest underground science facility in the United States.”
The setting provided by founding Director Bob Wilson’s creative design of the National Accelerator Laboratory, the architecture of the buildings and his many sculptures are an enduring source of pride for those associated with Fermilab and, indeed, for the surrounding community. One of the sculptures that has gained widespread attention is “Tractricious,” a piece that graces the space in front of the Fermilab Industrial Building Complex.
The Industrial Center Building (one of Wilson’s designs) was completed in 1983, when Richard Lundy was head of the Technical Support Section (later renamed the Technical Division). When I became head of Technical Support the following year, I began to consider ways to improve the visual appearance of the space in front of the handsome new building.
We started by moving a large, rather unsightly helium compressor building, then located in front of the Industrial Complex, to a new location behind the industrial buildings. Then in 1986, trees and other landscaping features were added to the front of the Industrial Complex. Still, something was still missing.
The Industrial Center Building, part of the five building complex, is shown in October 1986 flanked by two of the other industrial buildings. Photo: Fermilab
The area bounded by the new Center Building and the neighboring Industrial Buildings formed an expansive grassy semicircle. The center lines of the three buildings formed a focus at the center of the semicircle. It seemed that this focal point might provide a natural location for a sculpture that would complement the symmetry of the building and the formal style of the landscape plan. It was an ideal location for a “Bob Wilson” sculpture.
Cryostat pipe left over from the construction of Tevatron magnets was used to build the sculpture “Tractricious.” Photos from the Technical Support files
When I approached Wilson about the possibility of a sculpture, he was enthusiastic. He sent me off to assess the availability of scrap stainless steel that might suggest a theme for the sculpture. Technical support technician TJ Gardner and others searched the places where obsolete, unwanted equipment and scrap materials were kept. We came back with a collection of photos for Wilson of what we thought looked promising (although without the practiced eye of an artist).
Wilson was intrigued by the stainless steel tubing left over from the recently completed construction of the Tevatron superconducting magnets. After assessing the available material, Wilson decided on an array of six-and-a-half-inch diameter stainless steel cryostat tubes in the form of a paraboloid. He considered several designs, including one in which the array was asymmetric vertically, but concluded that it was too suggestive of a cooling tower at a nuclear power plant.
These drawings show early design concepts for “Tractricious.” Drawings from the Technical Support files
Wilson settled on a final design consisting of 16 members, each 39 feet long. The length of each member was achieved by welding two Tevatron cryostat tubes together end to end. The welding was carried out under the supervision of Jerry Peterson and Luis Ramirez in the Technical Support machine shop. The use of cryostat tubes would symbolize the key role the Technical Support Section had played in producing the superconducting magnets for the Tevatron.
Technical Support engineer Tom Nicol went to work designing the pedestal and tube support system. He performed a careful structural analysis, including dynamic response to extreme wind conditions. Tom was confident of the engineering but did tell Wilson that, if the tubes were left open at the top as Wilson wanted, they might fill up with pigeon droppings. Kurt Kasules and George Mikota took care of the pedestal construction and alignment of the tubes.
These drawings show the sculpture’s final design. Drawings from the Technical Support files
Wilson derived the name Tractricious from tracktrix, a curve such that any tangent segment from the tangent point on the curve to the curve’s asymptote have constant length, a concept first introduced by Claude Perrault in 1670.
Once satisfied with the design and the name, Wilson began thinking about enhancements. He decided that the sculpture, having a vague resemblance to pipes in an organ, needed to sing with the passing breezes (perhaps inspired by a recently completed sea organ in San Francisco Bay).
Having some familiarity with pipe organs, I thought about that idea for a while and even imagined baffles at different distances from the top of the pipes that might produce different pitches. Alas, in the end the idea turned out to be impractical. Wilson also wanted the base of the sculpture to project above a surrounding reflective pool. While certainly a pleasing addition, the pool ultimately also turned out to be impractical due to our limited resources.
The next hurdle was to find outside funding to construct the pedestal and erect the pipes since these were not normal lab expenditures. I wrote to Stanka Jovanovic, then president of the Friends of Fermilab, appealing for the necessary funding, which we estimated to be about $10,000.
In January, 1987, the Friends of Fermilab Board of Directors unanimously agreed to support raising the funds. Robert Riley, a member of the Friends of Fermilab Board (and president of Gary-Wheaton Bank of Batavia), led the fundraising effort. Riley located interested donors in the community and before long the funds were in hand. The sculpture was completed in June 1988, a tribute, not only to Wilson but to Fermilab’s close relationship to the community.
An attractive feature of the laboratory site, “Tractricious” gets a fair share of photographic attention, as is evident in this gallery. Click on the magnifying glass icon in the lower right to see the photos in their true orientations (landscape or portrait).
Sandhill cranes are annual visitors to Fermilab. Photo: Tina Smith
Beginning in August, Fermilab’s Batavia Road gate came under the watchful eyes of several sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis). As employees and visitors alike passed through the gate, it would be difficult to miss these stately sentinels. It’s hard to ignore a bird that can look you straight in the eye as you pass by seated in your car. They stand roughly four feet tall on long legs and have a 6-foot wingspan. They range in color from a powdery gray to rusty brown with a red crown.
Sandhill cranes are annual visitors to Fermilab. During spring and fall migration they will pass over in large flocks. Periodically, some individuals will be found foraging in agricultural fields.
Bird monitors on site keep an eye out for any signs that this species might use Fermilab for breeding. At this point there is no evidence that sandhill cranes have bred on site. The appearance of two pairs of adult sandhill cranes foraging on site late in the breeding season is intriguing as they likely spent the summer either at Fermilab or very nearby. They seem to like foraging in the short grasses that probably make hunting a lot easier for them. Perhaps this is a new benefit of co-existing in an urbanized environment.
This species is making a remarkable comeback in northeast Illinois. As recently as 1989 sandhill cranes were federally listed as an endangered species. Their numbers had plummeted due to hunting and wetlands destruction. Sandhill cranes since have benefited from both habitat and species protection. In 1999 the species was moved from endangered to threatened status. By 2009 they had recovered enough to be delisted. However, they are still protected under the Federal Migratory Bird Act. So, it is a big deal that sandhill cranes have decided to make Fermilab their home for part of the year.
These animals seem so relaxed and tame as they forage in the open lawns and planting beds. We need to remind ourselves that these are wild animals and should be treated as such. For the most part humans and vehicles are quite foreign to them. They do not know how to react to them and don’t realize the dangers involved in foraging in or along roadways. In September, a few miles from Fermilab’s east boundary, a sandhill crane was on the losing end of a collision with a vehicle. Its mate was seen standing over the body for the remainder of the day. These birds should be given their space for their safety as well as your own. They are well equipped to fend off large predators in the wild and they can easily inflict pain with their sharp bills.
The appropriate way to interact with our new neighbors is to give them plenty of room. When you observe them along roadways, slow down. Enjoy the opportunity to see them, but give them their space. Do not approach them. They don’t need a handout or a pat on the head. Just leave them to be the wild animals that they are.
Denis Kania is the manager of natural areas for the St. Charles Park District and a consulting member of the Fermilab Ecological Land Management Committee.